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Federal Policies for Native Peoples

    Federal policy toward the Native Americans has a long history of inconsistency, reversal, and failure. In the late 1700s, the United States government owned and operated factories, exchanging manufactured goods for furs and horses with the hope that mutual satisfaction with trade would result in peace between Native Americans and the rush of settlers who were moving west. (I) At the same time, the government supported missionary groups in their efforts to build churches, schools, and model farms for those tribes that permitted them to live in their midst.

    By the 1800s, federal negotiators were trying to convince many tribes to sell their land and move out of the line of frontier expansion, a policy that culminated in the forced expulsion of the major Southeastern tribes to the west. Over protests by Congress and the Supreme Court, (II) President Andrew Jackson ordered the Native Americans to be removed to what is now Oklahoma. On the forced march, which the Cherokee Nation refers to as the “Trail of Tears,” many Native Americans died of disease, exposure, and hunger.


     By the end of the 1800s, the government had discovered that some of the land allocated as permanent reservations for the Native Americans contained valuable resources. (III) Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act, and for the next forty years Indian agents and missionaries attempted to destroy the tribal system by separating the members. It was during this time that the government boarding schools were established to educate Native American youth outside of the home environment.


        (IV) Under the Indian Reorganisation Act of 1934, scattered tribes were encouraged to reorganise their tribal governments. Anti-Indian sentiment resurfaced only ten years later, and by the 1950s relocation centers to move Native Americans from the reservations to urban areas were established.

    Today government policies are unclear. Many officials want to remove the federal government completely from Native American governance. Others believe that the government should support Native American efforts to maintain their culture. Not surprisingly, the Native Americans themselves are ambivalent about the role of the federal government in their affairs.

[question text="What is the author's main point? " answers="Government policies for Native Americans have not changed many times during the past three hundred years#Today government officials are in agreement about their role in Native-American affairs#*The federal government has been inconsistent and unclear in its policies for Native Americans#The Indian Reorganisation Act was a failure "] 

[question text="What was involved in the 'Trail of Tears?' " answers="Native-American children were separated from their families and sent to boarding schools#*Native-American families living in the Southeast were forced to move to Oklahoma#Native-American families were resettled on reservations#Native-American families were moved from reservations to cities "] 

[question text="The word 'ambivalent' in paragraph five refers to " answers="exhibiting suspicion#*experiencing contradictory feelings#expressing concern#demonstrating opposition "] 

[question text="The word 'culminated' in paragraph two is closest in meaning to " answers="*ended#failed#belonged#caused "] 

[question text="The word 'them' in paragraph one refers to " answers="*missionary groups#efforts#model farms#tribes "] 

[question text="Where in the passage does the author refer to the congressional act that allowed Native-American students to be sent to boarding schools? " answers="Underlined part I#Underlined part II#*Underlined part III#Underlined part IV "] 

[question text="What does the author mean by the statements in underlined part I and II: 'Over protests by Congress and the Supreme Court, President Andrew Jackson ordered the Native Americans to be removed to what is now Oklahoma? " answers="Oklahoma objected to the president's order to move Native Americans to their state#The Native Americans had to move to Oklahoma because Congress and the Supreme Court objected to the president's order#The president ordered the Native Americans in Oklahoma to move despite opposition by Congress and the Supreme Court#*Despite objections by Congress and the Supreme Court, Native Americans were forced to move to Oklahoma by the president "] 

[question text="Why did Congress pass the Dawes Severalty Act? " answers="*Because the government agencies wanted to exploit the resources on reservations#Because missionaries wanted to convert the Native Americans to Christianity#Because teachers wanted to set up schools for Native Americans in urban areas#Because officials on the reservations wanted to preserve Native-American culture "] 

[question text="Native American policies are described as all of the following EXCEPT " answers="inconsistent#destructive#*permanent#unclear "] 

[question text="The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses " answers="*the Native-American point of view regarding government policies today#the efforts by Native Americans to maintain their culture#the results of the reservation system#the intertribal councils that Native Americans have established "] 

 

 

 

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